An Overview of the Main Terpenes in Cannabis (Part 1)
As we’ve already explained in our first article, the terpenes in cannabis are responsible for the plant’s aroma and flavor. In this second article, we’ll introduce you to the main terpenes found in the cannabis plant and describe their specific properties. Follow along!
What are the actual properties of terpenes?
For many years, a multitude of comprehensive scientific studies have been conducted to investigate the effects and properties of various phytocannabinoids (particularly THC and CBD) found in our favorite plant. However, many mysteries remain regarding terpenes. Here, too, a number of rigorous investigations have been conducted; nevertheless, the scientific evidence gathered remains insufficient to draw definitive conclusions about the beneficial properties of terpenes.
Some of these studies confirm that terpenes actively contribute to “ the entourage effect .” In practical terms, this means that they reinforce or amplify the beneficial effects of the various cannabinoids present in the plant. This is how neuroscientist Ethan Russo demonstrated, through a study, that terpenes could reduce the adverse effects of THC while simultaneously increasing its therapeutic efficacy. Russo concludes that this close relationship between the cannabinoids and terpenes significantly increases the therapeutic potential of cannabis for treating various conditions.
As we have known for some time now, all cannabinoids act directly on the receptors of the endocannabinoid system in our bodies. It appears that the same is true for terpenes; we can even say that they may act as amplifiers, depending on the plant’s composition of active compounds. It even seems that certain terpenes may be capable of altering the amount of THC that crosses the blood-brain barrier (a structure that separates the brain from the bloodstream to prevent potentially harmful substances from reaching the brain). This is essentially how terpenes influence the effects of cannabis on the human body. Other parallel studies suggest that these same compounds may also influence our body’s production of dopamine and serotonin.
The effects produced by a terpene vary; for example, myrcene produces a relaxing and sedative effect, while limonene improves mental alertness and concentration. Relatively recent studies suggest that the terpene β-caryophyllene may possess neuroprotective properties that could contribute beneficially to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. Although some questions remain, terpenes could offer significant therapeutic value by working in synergy with the various phytocannabinoids present in the cannabis plant. Ultimately, the complexity lies precisely in this area, as there are so many possible combinations regarding the availability or presence of different cannabinoids and terpenes, as well as the proportion of each of these elements at any given time. This is why it is necessary to continue extensive research in this area to discover new, concrete therapeutic possibilities that are validated by the medical community.
The Main Terpenes in Cannabis
Myrcene:
Myrcene, or β-myrcene, is a monoterpene. It is undoubtedly the most common terpene found in the cannabis plant, as it accounts for 50% of the plant’s total essential oil production. Its aroma is a blend of earthy, musky, and grassy notes. Myrcene is a precursor to other terpenes.
A number of studies confirm that myrcene is the dominant phytoterpene in the vast majority of Indica-dominant strains, and that it has a sedative and relaxing effect. It appears that if the plant contains a concentration of myrcene equal to or greater than 0.5%, its effects in this regard are more pronounced. Other studies suggest that this terpene may be useful for treating insomnia. It also appears to possess anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and antimutagenic properties.
Pinen:
Pinen is a bicyclic monoterpene that exhibits a distinct dual aromatic character, similar to that of pine and fir. Two structural isomers occur naturally in our environment: α-pinen and β-pinen, the former being the more common of the two. This terpene serves a protective function for the cannabis, as it acts as a repellent against pests. It can also be found in many other plant species, such as parsley, rosemary, dill, basil, and conifers.
A number of scientific studies confirm that pinene has proven anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, and even anticancer properties. A clinical study conducted in 2011 demonstrated that α-pinene acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and is capable of modulating the activity of this enzyme, which may contribute to improved memory and cognitive function. This is why we can conclude that it has the potential to mitigate the effects produced by THC. Most cannabis strains with a high pinene content generally produce an energizing effect.
Limonene:
Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpene, which explains why certain cannabis strains have that delicious, intense citrus aroma. Strains with high limonene content are known to produce an invigorating effect. This terpene is found in certain aromatic herbs such as rosemary and mint, as well as in all citrus fruits.
From a physiological standpoint, limonene is known for its many antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. Psychologically, it acts as an excellent natural antidepressant, as it has the ability to significantly improve mood.
Some scientific studies suggest that this terpene may help restore homeostatic balance. It is important to note that an imbalance in neuroendocrine and immune function (which directly affects homeostasis) is directly linked to psychosomatic or psychiatric disorders, limonene may be effective in treating conditions such as depression or various anxiety disorders.
Beta-caryophyllene:
β-Caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene found quite frequently in cannabis, as well as in basil, cloves, and cinnamon. It is responsible for the aromatic, slightly pungent, and woody notes found in certain strains. This logically explains why it is one of the active compounds in black pepper. This specific terpene could be considered a cannabinoid in its own right, as it selectively binds to the CB2 receptor.
Terpinolene:
Terpinolene is a terpene that is often found in a very wide range of cannabis strains, though generally in very small amounts. Strains in which terpinolene is the dominant terpene are rare. This terpene has a fairly complex organoleptic profile, as it can be described as a blend of woody, herbaceous, and floral notes.
It is found in lilacs, tea trees, apples, cumin, and nutmeg. Laboratory studies—specifically those conducted on mice—have shown that inhaling it produces sedative effects. It also appears that this terpene possesses anticancer and antioxidant properties. Other recent scientific research is also exploring the role of terpinolenes in the prevention of coronary heart disease, in combination with other antioxidants.
Ocimene:
Ocimene has a mild, floral, and woody aroma that is quite subtle. Like terpinolene, it is a terpene found in a very wide range of cannabis strains, though few have this aromatic compound as their dominant note. It is also found in a wide variety of plants—such as hops, kumquats, mangoes, basil, bergamot, lavender, orchids, and even pepper—in varying amounts.
Ocimene is widely used in the fragrance industry because of its sweet, floral, and herbaceous aroma profile. There is scientific evidence supporting its anti-inflammatory properties. Generally speaking, it is produced by plants to act as a powerful repellent against insect pests, and thus plays a protective role.
